A bare dust line dies after fifteen blocks. Real builds are bigger than that, so transmission comes down to two problems: fighting decay, and steering the signal where it should go.
Decay and boosting
Because dust drops 1 strength per block, a signal that starts at 15 reaches 0 after fifteen blocks. A repeater dropped into the line resets it to full strength, so chaining repeaters lets a signal travel any distance — refill the tank before it runs dry.
One-way streets
A repeater is also a diode — it only passes signal in the direction it points. Drop one into a wire and the signal can no longer travel backward, which stops feedback loops and keeps two circuits from leaking into each other.
Going up
Signals can climb. Dust runs up the side of solid blocks arranged like a staircase, and several components pass power vertically. Compact builds stack circuits across multiple layers and thread the signal between them rather than spreading out flat.